338 figures

Every number on this site, and how it is computed.

No number on this site is typed by hand. Each is a figure computed from records, and its page says how, in plain words, and lists every record behind it, each with its source.

Market

Market
Figure	What it is	From
3,346	facts on record	3346 records
300	organisations with their own page	a register
111	funding rounds and acquisitions	111 records
227	published revenue and run-rate figures	227 records
109	buyer programmes, price ranges and referral terms	109 records
122	quantified facts about where data sits	122 records
150	AI data vendors on the register	150 records
89	vendors selling RL environments	89 records
83	vendors selling expert and human data	83 records
122	vendors selling evaluations	122 records
11	vendors on the register acquired	11 records
9	kinds of data with their own page	a register
$4.2B	disclosed funding raised by data companies	60 records
9	kinds of data with sourced supply facts	122 records
$8.1B	the large data vendors' newest annual revenue or run rates, added up	13 records
15%	our success fee, the first $250,000 of what the owner is paid	a register
10%	our success fee, from $250,000 to $1 million of what the owner is paid	a register
6%	our success fee, everything above $1 million of what the owner is paid	a register
$42,500	our fee on a sale that pays the owner $300,000	a register
$62,500	our fee on a sale that pays the owner $500,000	a register
2 months	how long a mandate makes us the owner's only agent for the data it names	a register
12 months	how long after a mandate ends a sale to a buyer we introduced still pays our fee	a register
$26,000	the smallest sale we take on	8 records
511	lots of data on offer in the catalogues read	3 records
3	public catalogues of data on offer read every day	3 records
427	lots of other holders' data on offer through brokers	2 records
165	companies' records on offer through brokers	2 records
29%	of brokered lots with the rights settled	2 records
62%	of brokered lots with the rights still to confirm	2 records
14%	of brokered lots ready to deliver now	2 records
6 years	middle span of history in companies' records on offer	2 records
4	families of records a company lot holds, in the middle	2 records
0	lots new to the catalogues in the last 30 days	3 records
0	lots that left their catalogue in the last 30 days	3 records
165	lots of company records on offer	3 records
158	lots of source code on offer	3 records
32	lots of video on offer	3 records
11	lots of audio on offer	3 records
4	lots of images on offer	3 records
34	lots of text on offer	3 records
63	lots of datasets and environments on offer	3 records
34	lots of physical-world data on offer	3 records
10	lots of expert work on offer	3 records
0	companies' records on offer from energy and utilities	2 records
5	companies' records on offer from legal	2 records
6	companies' records on offer from healthcare	2 records
6	companies' records on offer from real estate	2 records
7	companies' records on offer from education and research	2 records
8	companies' records on offer from professional services	2 records
11	companies' records on offer from logistics and supply chain	2 records
14	companies' records on offer from manufacturing	2 records
14	companies' records on offer from retail and e-commerce	2 records
15	companies' records on offer from construction and trades	2 records
15	companies' records on offer from finance and insurance	2 records
18	companies' records on offer from media and publishing	2 records
29	companies' records on offer from software and technology	2 records
338	figures computed from the records	a register

3,346
What it is
facts on record
From
3346 records
300
What it is
organisations with their own page
From
a register
111
What it is
funding rounds and acquisitions
From
111 records
227
What it is
published revenue and run-rate figures
From
227 records
109
What it is
buyer programmes, price ranges and referral terms
From
109 records
122
What it is
quantified facts about where data sits
From
122 records
150
What it is
AI data vendors on the register
From
150 records
89
What it is
vendors selling RL environments
From
89 records
83
What it is
vendors selling expert and human data
From
83 records
122
What it is
vendors selling evaluations
From
122 records
11
What it is
vendors on the register acquired
From
11 records
9
What it is
kinds of data with their own page
From
a register
$4.2B
What it is
disclosed funding raised by data companies
From
60 records
9
What it is
kinds of data with sourced supply facts
From
122 records
$8.1B
What it is
the large data vendors' newest annual revenue or run rates, added up
From
13 records
15%
What it is
our success fee, the first $250,000 of what the owner is paid
From
a register
10%
What it is
our success fee, from $250,000 to $1 million of what the owner is paid
From
a register
6%
What it is
our success fee, everything above $1 million of what the owner is paid
From
a register
$42,500
What it is
our fee on a sale that pays the owner $300,000
From
a register
$62,500
What it is
our fee on a sale that pays the owner $500,000
From
a register
2 months
What it is
how long a mandate makes us the owner's only agent for the data it names
From
a register
12 months
What it is
how long after a mandate ends a sale to a buyer we introduced still pays our fee
From
a register
$26,000
What it is
the smallest sale we take on
From
8 records
511
What it is
lots of data on offer in the catalogues read
From
3 records
3
What it is
public catalogues of data on offer read every day
From
3 records
427
What it is
lots of other holders' data on offer through brokers
From
2 records
165
What it is
companies' records on offer through brokers
From
2 records
29%
What it is
of brokered lots with the rights settled
From
2 records
62%
What it is
of brokered lots with the rights still to confirm
From
2 records
14%
What it is
of brokered lots ready to deliver now
From
2 records
6 years
What it is
middle span of history in companies' records on offer
From
2 records
4
What it is
families of records a company lot holds, in the middle
From
2 records
0
What it is
lots new to the catalogues in the last 30 days
From
3 records
0
What it is
lots that left their catalogue in the last 30 days
From
3 records
165
What it is
lots of company records on offer
From
3 records
158
What it is
lots of source code on offer
From
3 records
32
What it is
lots of video on offer
From
3 records
11
What it is
lots of audio on offer
From
3 records
4
What it is
lots of images on offer
From
3 records
34
What it is
lots of text on offer
From
3 records
63
What it is
lots of datasets and environments on offer
From
3 records
34
What it is
lots of physical-world data on offer
From
3 records
10
What it is
lots of expert work on offer
From
3 records
0
What it is
companies' records on offer from energy and utilities
From
2 records
5
What it is
companies' records on offer from legal
From
2 records
6
What it is
companies' records on offer from healthcare
From
2 records
6
What it is
companies' records on offer from real estate
From
2 records
7
What it is
companies' records on offer from education and research
From
2 records
8
What it is
companies' records on offer from professional services
From
2 records
11
What it is
companies' records on offer from logistics and supply chain
From
2 records
14
What it is
companies' records on offer from manufacturing
From
2 records
14
What it is
companies' records on offer from retail and e-commerce
From
2 records
15
What it is
companies' records on offer from construction and trades
From
2 records
15
What it is
companies' records on offer from finance and insurance
From
2 records
18
What it is
companies' records on offer from media and publishing
From
2 records
29
What it is
companies' records on offer from software and technology
From
2 records
338
What it is
figures computed from the records
From
a register

Prices

Prices
Figure	What it is	From
1,022	price observations	1022 records
707	sources the prices were read from	1022 records
$12.5M	highest public offer for one company's archive	1 record
$316K per company	Company records, offered to holders, per company	101 records
$50 per document or page	Company records, offered to holders, per document or page	1 record
$28.3K per company	Company records, sales that happened, per company	8 records
$130 per task	Source code, paid to the people who make it, per task	8 records
$118 per hour of work	Source code, paid to the people who make it, per hour of work	4 records
$1,478 per repository	Source code, offered to holders, per repository	8 records
$0.00004 to $0.0001 per token	Source code, offered to holders, per token	2 records
$1,000 per pull request	Source code, offered to holders, per pull request	1 record
$1,579 per repository	Source code, sales that happened, per repository	2 records
$150 per dataset	Source code, asking prices off the shelf, per dataset	4 records
$99 to $65.8K per repository	Source code, asking prices off the shelf, per repository	3 records
$0.0025 per record	Source code, asking prices off the shelf, per record	1 record
$8.94 per record	Source code, made to order, per record	1 record
$0.5 per record	Source code, cost to produce, per record	1 record
$2.97 per hour of video	Video and footage, paid to the people who make it, per hour of video	4 records
$18 per task	Video and footage, paid to the people who make it, per task	3 records
$12 to $17 per hour of work	Video and footage, paid to the people who make it, per hour of work	2 records
$95 per hour of video	Video and footage, offered to holders, per hour of video	7 records
$120 per task	Video and footage, offered to holders, per task	1 record
$42 per hour of video	Video and footage, sales that happened, per hour of video	6 records
$37 per hour of video	Video and footage, asking prices off the shelf, per hour of video	22 records
$2.50 to $2.83 per record	Video and footage, asking prices off the shelf, per record	4 records
$987K per dataset	Video and footage, asking prices off the shelf, per dataset	1 record
$32 per hour of video	Video and footage, made to order, per hour of video	11 records
$24 per hour of work	Audio and speech, paid to the people who make it, per hour of work	31 records
$30 per hour of audio	Audio and speech, paid to the people who make it, per hour of audio	3 records
$76 per hour of audio	Audio and speech, sales that happened, per hour of audio	9 records
$118 per hour of audio	Audio and speech, asking prices off the shelf, per hour of audio	110 records
$1.27 to $1.49 per record	Audio and speech, asking prices off the shelf, per record	2 records
$22.4K per contract year	Audio and speech, asking prices off the shelf, per contract year	1 record
$14 per hour of audio	Audio and speech, asking prices off the shelf, per hour of audio (research use only)	36 records
$122 per hour of audio	Audio and speech, made to order, per hour of audio	10 records
$244 to $333 per hour of audio	Audio and speech, cost to produce, per hour of audio	2 records
$0.54 per image	Images, paid to the people who make it, per image	8 records
$5.00 to $35 per hour of work	Images, paid to the people who make it, per hour of work	2 records
$7.50 per task	Images, paid to the people who make it, per task	1 record
$0.35 per image	Images, offered to holders, per image	6 records
$0.063 per image	Images, sales that happened, per image	4 records
$378K to $35.4M per contract	Images, sales that happened, per contract	5 records
$30.4M per contract year	Images, sales that happened, per contract year	1 record
$1.71 per image	Images, asking prices off the shelf, per image	33 records
$1.13 per record	Images, asking prices off the shelf, per record	4 records
free per dataset	Images, asking prices off the shelf, per dataset	2 records
$0.44 per image	Images, made to order, per image	5 records
$100 per task	Images, made to order, per task	3 records
$52 per hour of work	Text and archives, paid to the people who make it, per hour of work	3 records
$355 per book or title	Text and archives, offered to holders, per book or title	9 records
$2,750 per book or title	Text and archives, sales that happened, per book or title	12 records
$16M per contract year	Text and archives, sales that happened, per contract year	11 records
$23M to $203M per contract	Text and archives, sales that happened, per contract	7 records
$0.001 per word	Text and archives, asking prices off the shelf, per word	13 records
$0.013 per record	Text and archives, asking prices off the shelf, per record	6 records
$0.22 per article	Text and archives, asking prices off the shelf, per article	5 records
$78 per book or title	Text and archives, asking prices off the shelf, per book or title	10 records
$562 to $2,125 per dataset	Text and archives, asking prices off the shelf, per dataset	2 records
$4.88 to $49 per document or page	Text and archives, asking prices off the shelf, per document or page	2 records
$0.00000082 to $0.0000011 per token	Text and archives, asking prices off the shelf, per token	2 records
$0.00013 per word	Text and archives, asking prices off the shelf, per word (research use only)	25 records
$55 per dataset	Text and archives, asking prices off the shelf, per dataset (research use only)	1 record
$0.00055 per article	Text and archives, asking prices off the shelf, per article (research use only)	1 record
$0.02 per record	Text and archives, made to order, per record	1 record
$129 per book or title	Text and archives, made to order, per book or title	1 record
$0.0000024 per token	Text and archives, cost to produce, per token	1 record
$1,500 per environment	Datasets, tasks and environments, paid to the people who make it, per environment	29 records
$89 per hour of work	Datasets, tasks and environments, paid to the people who make it, per hour of work	12 records
$300 per task	Datasets, tasks and environments, paid to the people who make it, per task	13 records
$315K per contract year	Datasets, tasks and environments, paid to the people who make it, per contract year	4 records
$200 per demonstration	Datasets, tasks and environments, paid to the people who make it, per demonstration	1 record
$1,581 per question	Datasets, tasks and environments, paid to the people who make it, per question	2 records
$722K per contract	Datasets, tasks and environments, made to order, per contract	10 records
$2,837 per task	Datasets, tasks and environments, made to order, per task	10 records
$42.7K per environment	Datasets, tasks and environments, made to order, per environment	4 records
$187 per hour of work	Datasets, tasks and environments, made to order, per hour of work	1 record
$0.42 per demonstration	Datasets, tasks and environments, cost to produce, per demonstration	6 records
$1,500 per task	Datasets, tasks and environments, cost to produce, per task	5 records
$500K per dataset	Datasets, tasks and environments, cost to produce, per dataset	1 record
$20 per hour of work	Physical-world data, paid to the people who make it, per hour of work	34 records
$14 per hour of video	Physical-world data, paid to the people who make it, per hour of video	15 records
$0.58 to $2.59 per hour of video	Physical-world data, sales that happened, per hour of video	2 records
$8.88 per hour of video	Physical-world data, asking prices off the shelf, per hour of video	19 records
$0.66 per record	Physical-world data, asking prices off the shelf, per record	6 records
$0.005 per image	Physical-world data, asking prices off the shelf, per image	1 record
$2,850 per dataset	Physical-world data, asking prices off the shelf, per dataset	6 records
$101 per demonstration	Physical-world data, asking prices off the shelf, per demonstration	1 record
$38 per hour of video	Physical-world data, made to order, per hour of video	20 records
$13 per demonstration	Physical-world data, made to order, per demonstration	14 records
$94 per hour of work	Physical-world data, made to order, per hour of work	4 records
$2,121 per contract	Physical-world data, made to order, per contract	4 records
$1,000 per dataset	Physical-world data, made to order, per dataset	1 record
$100 per record	Physical-world data, made to order, per record	1 record
$127 per hour of video	Physical-world data, cost to produce, per hour of video	4 records
$6.88 per demonstration	Physical-world data, cost to produce, per demonstration	4 records
$16 to $26 per hour of work	Physical-world data, cost to produce, per hour of work	2 records
$16 per record	Physical-world data, cost to produce, per record	1 record
$77 per hour of work	Work by people, paid to the people who make it, per hour of work	111 records
$212 per task	Work by people, paid to the people who make it, per task	6 records
$6.00 per document or page	Work by people, offered to holders, per document or page	1 record
$0.08 per task	Work by people, made to order, per task	17 records
$19 per hour of work	Work by people, made to order, per hour of work	9 records
$2.58 per record	Work by people, made to order, per record	6 records
$150M to $200M per contract year	Work by people, made to order, per contract year	5 records
$9.95 per contract	Work by people, made to order, per contract	14 records
$12 per demonstration	Work by people, made to order, per demonstration	1 record
$174K to $693K per company	public prices for company records	101 records
$934 to $24.2K per repository	public prices for source code	8 records
$15 to $99 per hour of video	public prices for video	22 records
$65 to $266 per hour of audio	public prices for audio	110 records
$0.27 to $5.27 per image	public prices for images	33 records
$881 to $3,082 per book or title	public prices for text	12 records
$1,200 to $2,500 per environment	public prices for datasets and environments	29 records
$4.48 to $25 per hour of video	public prices for physical-world data	19 records
$55 to $101 per hour of work	public prices for expert work	111 records
9.5x	how much more buyers pay than makers are paid for datasets, tasks and environments, per task	23 records
2.7x	how much more buyers pay than makers are paid for physical-world data, per hour of video	35 records
0.2x	how much more buyers pay than makers are paid for work by people, per hour of work	120 records
9	kinds of data with a public price	1022 records
891	public prices converted to a comparable unit	891 records
58	markets with a median (3 or more comparable prices)	908 records
$0.55 a minute	what one creator realised per minute of a video back catalogue	1 record
$0.55 a minute	a creator's realised rate for licensed footage, per minute	1 record
55%	a creator's realised rate as a share of the bottom of the quoted creator rate	2 records
14%	a creator's realised rate as a share of the top of the quoted creator rate	2 records
10x	how much more one buyer pays for a legacy codebase than its cap on a modern one	2 records
100x	how much more a curated image fetched than a bulk stock image	2 records
2.7x	how much more custom-recorded speech costs than catalogue speech, at the top of each range	2 records
100x	how far one buyer's published range for company records runs, top over bottom	1 record
$160 to $187 an hour	what a lab pays Mercor for one expert hour	2 records
$48 to $75 an hour	what Mercor keeps of one expert hour	2 records
30% to 40%	the share of each dollar a lab pays that Mercor keeps	1 record
8.7 orders of magnitude	orders of magnitude between the smallest and the largest price in the prices guide	2 records
2,500x	how far the highest public price for one company's archive is above the baseline for one graded code repository	2 records

1,022
What it is
price observations
From
1022 records
707
What it is
sources the prices were read from
From
1022 records
$12.5M
What it is
highest public offer for one company's archive
From
1 record
$316K per company
What it is
Company records, offered to holders, per company
From
101 records
$50 per document or page
What it is
Company records, offered to holders, per document or page
From
1 record
$28.3K per company
What it is
Company records, sales that happened, per company
From
8 records
$130 per task
What it is
Source code, paid to the people who make it, per task
From
8 records
$118 per hour of work
What it is
Source code, paid to the people who make it, per hour of work
From
4 records
$1,478 per repository
What it is
Source code, offered to holders, per repository
From
8 records
$0.00004 to $0.0001 per token
What it is
Source code, offered to holders, per token
From
2 records
$1,000 per pull request
What it is
Source code, offered to holders, per pull request
From
1 record
$1,579 per repository
What it is
Source code, sales that happened, per repository
From
2 records
$150 per dataset
What it is
Source code, asking prices off the shelf, per dataset
From
4 records
$99 to $65.8K per repository
What it is
Source code, asking prices off the shelf, per repository
From
3 records
$0.0025 per record
What it is
Source code, asking prices off the shelf, per record
From
1 record
$8.94 per record
What it is
Source code, made to order, per record
From
1 record
$0.5 per record
What it is
Source code, cost to produce, per record
From
1 record
$2.97 per hour of video
What it is
Video and footage, paid to the people who make it, per hour of video
From
4 records
$18 per task
What it is
Video and footage, paid to the people who make it, per task
From
3 records
$12 to $17 per hour of work
What it is
Video and footage, paid to the people who make it, per hour of work
From
2 records
$95 per hour of video
What it is
Video and footage, offered to holders, per hour of video
From
7 records
$120 per task
What it is
Video and footage, offered to holders, per task
From
1 record
$42 per hour of video
What it is
Video and footage, sales that happened, per hour of video
From
6 records
$37 per hour of video
What it is
Video and footage, asking prices off the shelf, per hour of video
From
22 records
$2.50 to $2.83 per record
What it is
Video and footage, asking prices off the shelf, per record
From
4 records
$987K per dataset
What it is
Video and footage, asking prices off the shelf, per dataset
From
1 record
$32 per hour of video
What it is
Video and footage, made to order, per hour of video
From
11 records
$24 per hour of work
What it is
Audio and speech, paid to the people who make it, per hour of work
From
31 records
$30 per hour of audio
What it is
Audio and speech, paid to the people who make it, per hour of audio
From
3 records
$76 per hour of audio
What it is
Audio and speech, sales that happened, per hour of audio
From
9 records
$118 per hour of audio
What it is
Audio and speech, asking prices off the shelf, per hour of audio
From
110 records
$1.27 to $1.49 per record
What it is
Audio and speech, asking prices off the shelf, per record
From
2 records
$22.4K per contract year
What it is
Audio and speech, asking prices off the shelf, per contract year
From
1 record
$14 per hour of audio
What it is
Audio and speech, asking prices off the shelf, per hour of audio (research use only)
From
36 records
$122 per hour of audio
What it is
Audio and speech, made to order, per hour of audio
From
10 records
$244 to $333 per hour of audio
What it is
Audio and speech, cost to produce, per hour of audio
From
2 records
$0.54 per image
What it is
Images, paid to the people who make it, per image
From
8 records
$5.00 to $35 per hour of work
What it is
Images, paid to the people who make it, per hour of work
From
2 records
$7.50 per task
What it is
Images, paid to the people who make it, per task
From
1 record
$0.35 per image
What it is
Images, offered to holders, per image
From
6 records
$0.063 per image
What it is
Images, sales that happened, per image
From
4 records
$378K to $35.4M per contract
What it is
Images, sales that happened, per contract
From
5 records
$30.4M per contract year
What it is
Images, sales that happened, per contract year
From
1 record
$1.71 per image
What it is
Images, asking prices off the shelf, per image
From
33 records
$1.13 per record
What it is
Images, asking prices off the shelf, per record
From
4 records
free per dataset
What it is
Images, asking prices off the shelf, per dataset
From
2 records
$0.44 per image
What it is
Images, made to order, per image
From
5 records
$100 per task
What it is
Images, made to order, per task
From
3 records
$52 per hour of work
What it is
Text and archives, paid to the people who make it, per hour of work
From
3 records
$355 per book or title
What it is
Text and archives, offered to holders, per book or title
From
9 records
$2,750 per book or title
What it is
Text and archives, sales that happened, per book or title
From
12 records
$16M per contract year
What it is
Text and archives, sales that happened, per contract year
From
11 records
$23M to $203M per contract
What it is
Text and archives, sales that happened, per contract
From
7 records
$0.001 per word
What it is
Text and archives, asking prices off the shelf, per word
From
13 records
$0.013 per record
What it is
Text and archives, asking prices off the shelf, per record
From
6 records
$0.22 per article
What it is
Text and archives, asking prices off the shelf, per article
From
5 records
$78 per book or title
What it is
Text and archives, asking prices off the shelf, per book or title
From
10 records
$562 to $2,125 per dataset
What it is
Text and archives, asking prices off the shelf, per dataset
From
2 records
$4.88 to $49 per document or page
What it is
Text and archives, asking prices off the shelf, per document or page
From
2 records
$0.00000082 to $0.0000011 per token
What it is
Text and archives, asking prices off the shelf, per token
From
2 records
$0.00013 per word
What it is
Text and archives, asking prices off the shelf, per word (research use only)
From
25 records
$55 per dataset
What it is
Text and archives, asking prices off the shelf, per dataset (research use only)
From
1 record
$0.00055 per article
What it is
Text and archives, asking prices off the shelf, per article (research use only)
From
1 record
$0.02 per record
What it is
Text and archives, made to order, per record
From
1 record
$129 per book or title
What it is
Text and archives, made to order, per book or title
From
1 record
$0.0000024 per token
What it is
Text and archives, cost to produce, per token
From
1 record
$1,500 per environment
What it is
Datasets, tasks and environments, paid to the people who make it, per environment
From
29 records
$89 per hour of work
What it is
Datasets, tasks and environments, paid to the people who make it, per hour of work
From
12 records
$300 per task
What it is
Datasets, tasks and environments, paid to the people who make it, per task
From
13 records
$315K per contract year
What it is
Datasets, tasks and environments, paid to the people who make it, per contract year
From
4 records
$200 per demonstration
What it is
Datasets, tasks and environments, paid to the people who make it, per demonstration
From
1 record
$1,581 per question
What it is
Datasets, tasks and environments, paid to the people who make it, per question
From
2 records
$722K per contract
What it is
Datasets, tasks and environments, made to order, per contract
From
10 records
$2,837 per task
What it is
Datasets, tasks and environments, made to order, per task
From
10 records
$42.7K per environment
What it is
Datasets, tasks and environments, made to order, per environment
From
4 records
$187 per hour of work
What it is
Datasets, tasks and environments, made to order, per hour of work
From
1 record
$0.42 per demonstration
What it is
Datasets, tasks and environments, cost to produce, per demonstration
From
6 records
$1,500 per task
What it is
Datasets, tasks and environments, cost to produce, per task
From
5 records
$500K per dataset
What it is
Datasets, tasks and environments, cost to produce, per dataset
From
1 record
$20 per hour of work
What it is
Physical-world data, paid to the people who make it, per hour of work
From
34 records
$14 per hour of video
What it is
Physical-world data, paid to the people who make it, per hour of video
From
15 records
$0.58 to $2.59 per hour of video
What it is
Physical-world data, sales that happened, per hour of video
From
2 records
$8.88 per hour of video
What it is
Physical-world data, asking prices off the shelf, per hour of video
From
19 records
$0.66 per record
What it is
Physical-world data, asking prices off the shelf, per record
From
6 records
$0.005 per image
What it is
Physical-world data, asking prices off the shelf, per image
From
1 record
$2,850 per dataset
What it is
Physical-world data, asking prices off the shelf, per dataset
From
6 records
$101 per demonstration
What it is
Physical-world data, asking prices off the shelf, per demonstration
From
1 record
$38 per hour of video
What it is
Physical-world data, made to order, per hour of video
From
20 records
$13 per demonstration
What it is
Physical-world data, made to order, per demonstration
From
14 records
$94 per hour of work
What it is
Physical-world data, made to order, per hour of work
From
4 records
$2,121 per contract
What it is
Physical-world data, made to order, per contract
From
4 records
$1,000 per dataset
What it is
Physical-world data, made to order, per dataset
From
1 record
$100 per record
What it is
Physical-world data, made to order, per record
From
1 record
$127 per hour of video
What it is
Physical-world data, cost to produce, per hour of video
From
4 records
$6.88 per demonstration
What it is
Physical-world data, cost to produce, per demonstration
From
4 records
$16 to $26 per hour of work
What it is
Physical-world data, cost to produce, per hour of work
From
2 records
$16 per record
What it is
Physical-world data, cost to produce, per record
From
1 record
$77 per hour of work
What it is
Work by people, paid to the people who make it, per hour of work
From
111 records
$212 per task
What it is
Work by people, paid to the people who make it, per task
From
6 records
$6.00 per document or page
What it is
Work by people, offered to holders, per document or page
From
1 record
$0.08 per task
What it is
Work by people, made to order, per task
From
17 records
$19 per hour of work
What it is
Work by people, made to order, per hour of work
From
9 records
$2.58 per record
What it is
Work by people, made to order, per record
From
6 records
$150M to $200M per contract year
What it is
Work by people, made to order, per contract year
From
5 records
$9.95 per contract
What it is
Work by people, made to order, per contract
From
14 records
$12 per demonstration
What it is
Work by people, made to order, per demonstration
From
1 record
$174K to $693K per company
What it is
public prices for company records
From
101 records
$934 to $24.2K per repository
What it is
public prices for source code
From
8 records
$15 to $99 per hour of video
What it is
public prices for video
From
22 records
$65 to $266 per hour of audio
What it is
public prices for audio
From
110 records
$0.27 to $5.27 per image
What it is
public prices for images
From
33 records
$881 to $3,082 per book or title
What it is
public prices for text
From
12 records
$1,200 to $2,500 per environment
What it is
public prices for datasets and environments
From
29 records
$4.48 to $25 per hour of video
What it is
public prices for physical-world data
From
19 records
$55 to $101 per hour of work
What it is
public prices for expert work
From
111 records
9.5x
What it is
how much more buyers pay than makers are paid for datasets, tasks and environments, per task
From
23 records
2.7x
What it is
how much more buyers pay than makers are paid for physical-world data, per hour of video
From
35 records
0.2x
What it is
how much more buyers pay than makers are paid for work by people, per hour of work
From
120 records
9
What it is
kinds of data with a public price
From
1022 records
891
What it is
public prices converted to a comparable unit
From
891 records
58
What it is
markets with a median (3 or more comparable prices)
From
908 records
$0.55 a minute
What it is
what one creator realised per minute of a video back catalogue
From
1 record
$0.55 a minute
What it is
a creator's realised rate for licensed footage, per minute
From
1 record
55%
What it is
a creator's realised rate as a share of the bottom of the quoted creator rate
From
2 records
14%
What it is
a creator's realised rate as a share of the top of the quoted creator rate
From
2 records
10x
What it is
how much more one buyer pays for a legacy codebase than its cap on a modern one
From
2 records
100x
What it is
how much more a curated image fetched than a bulk stock image
From
2 records
2.7x
What it is
how much more custom-recorded speech costs than catalogue speech, at the top of each range
From
2 records
100x
What it is
how far one buyer's published range for company records runs, top over bottom
From
1 record
$160 to $187 an hour
What it is
what a lab pays Mercor for one expert hour
From
2 records
$48 to $75 an hour
What it is
what Mercor keeps of one expert hour
From
2 records
30% to 40%
What it is
the share of each dollar a lab pays that Mercor keeps
From
1 record
8.7 orders of magnitude
What it is
orders of magnitude between the smallest and the largest price in the prices guide
From
2 records
2,500x
What it is
how far the highest public price for one company's archive is above the baseline for one graded code repository
From
2 records

Deals and cases

Deals and cases
Figure	What it is	From
$5M	Google's opening bid for Spirit Airlines' records	1 record
$7.5M	Mercor's backup bid for Spirit Airlines' records	1 record
$10M	Google's winning bid for Spirit Airlines' records	1 record
$12.5M	micro1's late offer for Spirit Airlines' records	1 record
2.5x	how far competition moved the price of Spirit Airlines' records	2 records
111	disclosed licensing deals	111 records
19	deals with a disclosed amount	19 records
44	different licensees	111 records
29	deals signed by OpenAI	29 records
83	lawsuits, rulings and settlements	83 records
$7.5M	how much more the last offer for Spirit Airlines' records was than the first	2 records
28	court rulings on training data	28 records
7	settlements over training data	7 records
8	regulatory actions over training data	8 records
56	disclosed deals for training models	56 records
40	disclosed deals that license content to be shown in answers, not to train	40 records
92	disclosed deals with no dollar amount	92 records
6	the most disclosed deals with a dollar amount in any half-year	19 records
50%	Google's opening bid for Spirit Airlines' records as a share of the price the auction reached	2 records
78	disclosed deals whose licensor's headquarters is known	78 records
32	disclosed deals whose licensor is headquartered outside the United States	32 records
13	countries outside the United States whose companies licensed data in a disclosed deal	32 records
35% more	how much more one bidder offered for the same records on different de-identification terms	2 records

$5M
What it is
Google's opening bid for Spirit Airlines' records
From
1 record
$7.5M
What it is
Mercor's backup bid for Spirit Airlines' records
From
1 record
$10M
What it is
Google's winning bid for Spirit Airlines' records
From
1 record
$12.5M
What it is
micro1's late offer for Spirit Airlines' records
From
1 record
2.5x
What it is
how far competition moved the price of Spirit Airlines' records
From
2 records
111
What it is
disclosed licensing deals
From
111 records
19
What it is
deals with a disclosed amount
From
19 records
44
What it is
different licensees
From
111 records
29
What it is
deals signed by OpenAI
From
29 records
83
What it is
lawsuits, rulings and settlements
From
83 records
$7.5M
What it is
how much more the last offer for Spirit Airlines' records was than the first
From
2 records
28
What it is
court rulings on training data
From
28 records
7
What it is
settlements over training data
From
7 records
8
What it is
regulatory actions over training data
From
8 records
56
What it is
disclosed deals for training models
From
56 records
40
What it is
disclosed deals that license content to be shown in answers, not to train
From
40 records
92
What it is
disclosed deals with no dollar amount
From
92 records
6
What it is
the most disclosed deals with a dollar amount in any half-year
From
19 records
50%
What it is
Google's opening bid for Spirit Airlines' records as a share of the price the auction reached
From
2 records
78
What it is
disclosed deals whose licensor's headquarters is known
From
78 records
32
What it is
disclosed deals whose licensor is headquartered outside the United States
From
32 records
13
What it is
countries outside the United States whose companies licensed data in a disclosed deal
From
32 records
35% more
What it is
how much more one bidder offered for the same records on different de-identification terms
From
2 records

Buyers

Buyers
Figure	What it is	From
37	buyers on the board	37 records
65	buyer contract clauses read	65 records
69	negotiation levers	69 records
18	business systems whose terms were read	18 records
17	vendors that build from data licensed from its owners	17 records
29	vendors that say they pay for data	29 records
25	buyers that publish a figure for what they pay	25 records
15	buyers that publish what they pay for an introduction	15 records
$5M	highest figure a buyer publishes for what it pays	1 record
5	kinds of buyer on the board	37 records
24	buyers on the board that take a company's records	24 records
13	business systems whose terms let the owner export freely	13 records
6	business systems whose API terms bar training AI on what an app pulls	6 records
2	business systems whose API terms bar copying what an app pulls	2 records
27	rights questions a buyer's counsel asks	27 records
16	rights questions that block a sale until answered	16 records
15	terms a data licence turns on	15 records
2	licence terms where the public record is thin	2 records
36	levers backed by a primary record or several sources	36 records
13	buyers, marketplaces and brokers on the board that take source code	13 records
7	of the ten buyers the selling guide compares that publish what they pay whoever introduces a company	7 records
4	of those buyers whose published introducer fee reaches $50,000 or more	4 records
5	of the ten buyers the selling guide compares that publish how soon the seller is paid	5 records
43	buyers whose pages were read for where they take holders from	148 records
24	buyers of company records whose pages were read for where they take holders from	79 records
13	buyers that say they take holders from anywhere, or work with holders abroad	62 records
5	buyers of company records that say they take holders from anywhere, or work with holders abroad	22 records
2	buyers that take holders only from a listed set of places	15 records
1	buyers of company records that take holders only from a listed set of places	7 records
2	buyers that take holders abroad but rank the US first	11 records
2	buyers of company records that take holders abroad but rank the US first	11 records
1	buyers that take US holders only	6 records
1	buyers of company records that take US holders only	6 records
25	buyers that say nothing about where a holder can be based	54 records
15	buyers of company records that say nothing about where a holder can be based	33 records
$50K	the bid Grepped's own code says its instant quote was calibrated on	1 record
$65K to $155K	what Grepped's instant quote now shows the company its own code calibrated on a $50K bid	2 records
$26.5K to $38K	Grepped's owner estimate for a 25-person firm with 8 years of records	3 records
$125K to $305K	Grepped's instant quote for the same firm	1 record
$79K to $240K	Grepped's referrer calculator for the same firm	3 records
9.1 times	the top of Grepped's referrer range over the bottom of its owner estimate, for one firm	6 records
2 times	the rise in the most micro1 pays a referrer per company, June to October 2026	2 records
$10K to $50K	what buyers set aside for whoever brings them a company, on a $300K sale	10 records
$50K	the most a buyer sets aside for whoever brings it a company, on a $300K sale	3 records

37
What it is
buyers on the board
From
37 records
65
What it is
buyer contract clauses read
From
65 records
69
What it is
negotiation levers
From
69 records
18
What it is
business systems whose terms were read
From
18 records
17
What it is
vendors that build from data licensed from its owners
From
17 records
29
What it is
vendors that say they pay for data
From
29 records
25
What it is
buyers that publish a figure for what they pay
From
25 records
15
What it is
buyers that publish what they pay for an introduction
From
15 records
$5M
What it is
highest figure a buyer publishes for what it pays
From
1 record
5
What it is
kinds of buyer on the board
From
37 records
24
What it is
buyers on the board that take a company's records
From
24 records
13
What it is
business systems whose terms let the owner export freely
From
13 records
6
What it is
business systems whose API terms bar training AI on what an app pulls
From
6 records
2
What it is
business systems whose API terms bar copying what an app pulls
From
2 records
27
What it is
rights questions a buyer's counsel asks
From
27 records
16
What it is
rights questions that block a sale until answered
From
16 records
15
What it is
terms a data licence turns on
From
15 records
2
What it is
licence terms where the public record is thin
From
2 records
36
What it is
levers backed by a primary record or several sources
From
36 records
13
What it is
buyers, marketplaces and brokers on the board that take source code
From
13 records
7
What it is
of the ten buyers the selling guide compares that publish what they pay whoever introduces a company
From
7 records
4
What it is
of those buyers whose published introducer fee reaches $50,000 or more
From
4 records
5
What it is
of the ten buyers the selling guide compares that publish how soon the seller is paid
From
5 records
43
What it is
buyers whose pages were read for where they take holders from
From
148 records
24
What it is
buyers of company records whose pages were read for where they take holders from
From
79 records
13
What it is
buyers that say they take holders from anywhere, or work with holders abroad
From
62 records
5
What it is
buyers of company records that say they take holders from anywhere, or work with holders abroad
From
22 records
2
What it is
buyers that take holders only from a listed set of places
From
15 records
1
What it is
buyers of company records that take holders only from a listed set of places
From
7 records
2
What it is
buyers that take holders abroad but rank the US first
From
11 records
2
What it is
buyers of company records that take holders abroad but rank the US first
From
11 records
1
What it is
buyers that take US holders only
From
6 records
1
What it is
buyers of company records that take US holders only
From
6 records
25
What it is
buyers that say nothing about where a holder can be based
From
54 records
15
What it is
buyers of company records that say nothing about where a holder can be based
From
33 records
$50K
What it is
the bid Grepped's own code says its instant quote was calibrated on
From
1 record
$65K to $155K
What it is
what Grepped's instant quote now shows the company its own code calibrated on a $50K bid
From
2 records
$26.5K to $38K
What it is
Grepped's owner estimate for a 25-person firm with 8 years of records
From
3 records
$125K to $305K
What it is
Grepped's instant quote for the same firm
From
1 record
$79K to $240K
What it is
Grepped's referrer calculator for the same firm
From
3 records
9.1 times
What it is
the top of Grepped's referrer range over the bottom of its owner estimate, for one firm
From
6 records
2 times
What it is
the rise in the most micro1 pays a referrer per company, June to October 2026
From
2 records
$10K to $50K
What it is
what buyers set aside for whoever brings them a company, on a $300K sale
From
10 records
$50K
What it is
the most a buyer sets aside for whoever brings it a company, on a $300K sale
From
3 records

Valuation model

Valuation model
Figure	What it is	From
$140,000	the buyers' formula for company records: the fixed part	29 records
$2,333	the buyers' formula for company records: per person	29 records
$11,667	the buyers' formula for company records: per year of records	29 records
1.47 times	how the market prices a company's head count: each doubling multiplies the price by	54 records
1.31 times	how the market prices years of records: each doubling multiplies the price by	54 records
0.71 times	what the market pays for a company in Europe, the UK or Canada, against the same company in the US	6 records
0.27 times	what the market pays for a company outside the US, Europe, the UK and Canada, against the same company in the US	6 records
0.65 times	what the market pays for a closed or closing company's records, against the same company operating	2 records
4.59 times	how the market prices the kinds of records a company holds: each doubling of the share of what buyers name multiplies the price by	2 records
109	records of what a whole company's records sold for, were offered or were estimated at, behind every valuation of company records	109 records
1, 0.5 and 0.25	how much a sale, a buyer's offer and an intermediary's figure count against each other	a register
4 to 5 times	what an exclusive licence fetches, against a non-exclusive one	2 records
0.2 to 0.5 times	what an evaluation-only licence fetches, against a full commercial one	a register
$33 to $120 an hour of footage	the valuation's price for general footage	2 records
$60 to $240 an hour of footage	the valuation's price for high-spec footage (4K, drone, cinematic)	1 record
$25 to $150 an hour of speech	the valuation's price for conversational speech	2 records
$0.02 to $0.25 an image	the valuation's price for everyday images	2 records
$0.25 to $2 an image	the valuation's price for professional image libraries with metadata	2 records
$1,000 to $5,000 per million words	the valuation's price for general text	1 record
$5,000 to $50,000 per million words	the valuation's price for edited, published writing	2 records
$20,000 to $300,000 an environment	the valuation's price for a finished training environment	1 record
$2 to $5 an hour	the valuation's price for unsorted first-person footage	1 record
$15 to $40 an hour	the valuation's price for first-person footage captured to a spec	1 record
$28 to $60 an hour	the valuation's price for teleoperation demonstrations	1 record
25	prices per repository, per reviewed change, per token and per company code base behind every valuation of a codebase	25 records
36	prices per task behind every valuation of a task set	36 records
$74,000 to $590,000	the valuation tool's range for its starting company's records	10 records
0%	how much the valuation tool raises a company's records when the work is traceable end to end	10 records
0%	how much the valuation tool raises a company's records in a specialised trade	10 records
81%	how much the valuation tool lowers a company's records when the company is closed and its files loose	10 records
$74,000 to $590,000	the valuation tool's range for its starting company in a specialised trade	10 records
$13,000 to $48,000	the valuation tool's range for its starting footage	2 records
$5,000 to $30,000	the valuation tool's range for its starting speech	2 records
$17,000 to $1,100,000	the valuation tool's range for its starting task set	3 records
$100 to $1,300	the valuation tool's range for a small everyday image library	2 records
$347K	what a sale through us has to reach to net an owner what a $300K direct offer would	a register

$140,000
What it is
the buyers' formula for company records: the fixed part
From
29 records
$2,333
What it is
the buyers' formula for company records: per person
From
29 records
$11,667
What it is
the buyers' formula for company records: per year of records
From
29 records
1.47 times
What it is
how the market prices a company's head count: each doubling multiplies the price by
From
54 records
1.31 times
What it is
how the market prices years of records: each doubling multiplies the price by
From
54 records
0.71 times
What it is
what the market pays for a company in Europe, the UK or Canada, against the same company in the US
From
6 records
0.27 times
What it is
what the market pays for a company outside the US, Europe, the UK and Canada, against the same company in the US
From
6 records
0.65 times
What it is
what the market pays for a closed or closing company's records, against the same company operating
From
2 records
4.59 times
What it is
how the market prices the kinds of records a company holds: each doubling of the share of what buyers name multiplies the price by
From
2 records
109
What it is
records of what a whole company's records sold for, were offered or were estimated at, behind every valuation of company records
From
109 records
1, 0.5 and 0.25
What it is
how much a sale, a buyer's offer and an intermediary's figure count against each other
From
a register
4 to 5 times
What it is
what an exclusive licence fetches, against a non-exclusive one
From
2 records
0.2 to 0.5 times
What it is
what an evaluation-only licence fetches, against a full commercial one
From
a register
$33 to $120 an hour of footage
What it is
the valuation's price for general footage
From
2 records
$60 to $240 an hour of footage
What it is
the valuation's price for high-spec footage (4K, drone, cinematic)
From
1 record
$25 to $150 an hour of speech
What it is
the valuation's price for conversational speech
From
2 records
$0.02 to $0.25 an image
What it is
the valuation's price for everyday images
From
2 records
$0.25 to $2 an image
What it is
the valuation's price for professional image libraries with metadata
From
2 records
$1,000 to $5,000 per million words
What it is
the valuation's price for general text
From
1 record
$5,000 to $50,000 per million words
What it is
the valuation's price for edited, published writing
From
2 records
$20,000 to $300,000 an environment
What it is
the valuation's price for a finished training environment
From
1 record
$2 to $5 an hour
What it is
the valuation's price for unsorted first-person footage
From
1 record
$15 to $40 an hour
What it is
the valuation's price for first-person footage captured to a spec
From
1 record
$28 to $60 an hour
What it is
the valuation's price for teleoperation demonstrations
From
1 record
25
What it is
prices per repository, per reviewed change, per token and per company code base behind every valuation of a codebase
From
25 records
36
What it is
prices per task behind every valuation of a task set
From
36 records
$74,000 to $590,000
What it is
the valuation tool's range for its starting company's records
From
10 records
0%
What it is
how much the valuation tool raises a company's records when the work is traceable end to end
From
10 records
0%
What it is
how much the valuation tool raises a company's records in a specialised trade
From
10 records
81%
What it is
how much the valuation tool lowers a company's records when the company is closed and its files loose
From
10 records
$74,000 to $590,000
What it is
the valuation tool's range for its starting company in a specialised trade
From
10 records
$13,000 to $48,000
What it is
the valuation tool's range for its starting footage
From
2 records
$5,000 to $30,000
What it is
the valuation tool's range for its starting speech
From
2 records
$17,000 to $1,100,000
What it is
the valuation tool's range for its starting task set
From
3 records
$100 to $1,300
What it is
the valuation tool's range for a small everyday image library
From
2 records
$347K
What it is
what a sale through us has to reach to net an owner what a $300K direct offer would
From
a register

Sources

Sources
Figure	What it is	From
2,370	sources cited	a register
590	sources with a permanent copy in the Wayback Machine	a register
15	sources read for the licence terms	15 records
99	sources read for the negotiation levers	69 records
113	sources read for the supply facts	122 records
93.4%	of direct identifiers masked in every mention	1 record
88.3%	of the text it masked needed masking	1 record
86.8%	F1 on company Slack, email and documents	1 record
95.8%	of people's identifiers found in company records	1 record
0.46	Microsoft Presidio on the same measure	1 record
11	smallest group a delivery may contain	1 record
300	random records read before a delivery	1 record
150	random records our AI reads in every sample	1 record
5	group size below which a sample is flagged	1 record
90+	age from which ages are grouped	1 record
23	thinly populated ZIP prefixes written as 000	1 record

2,370
What it is
sources cited
From
a register
590
What it is
sources with a permanent copy in the Wayback Machine
From
a register
15
What it is
sources read for the licence terms
From
15 records
99
What it is
sources read for the negotiation levers
From
69 records
113
What it is
sources read for the supply facts
From
122 records
93.4%
What it is
of direct identifiers masked in every mention
From
1 record
88.3%
What it is
of the text it masked needed masking
From
1 record
86.8%
What it is
F1 on company Slack, email and documents
From
1 record
95.8%
What it is
of people's identifiers found in company records
From
1 record
0.46
What it is
Microsoft Presidio on the same measure
From
1 record
11
What it is
smallest group a delivery may contain
From
1 record
300
What it is
random records read before a delivery
From
1 record
150
What it is
random records our AI reads in every sample
From
1 record
5
What it is
group size below which a sample is flagged
From
1 record
90+
What it is
age from which ages are grouped
From
1 record
23
What it is
thinly populated ZIP prefixes written as 000
From
1 record

Holders

Holders
Figure	What it is	From
8	kinds of data holder with their own page	a register
18	business systems with their own page	a register
149	technology companies closing, sold or gone dark	313 records
15	of them in the last 90 days	49 records
11	closures register: insolvency	36 records
64	closures register: closing or closed	133 records
69	closures register: acquired	137 records
5	closures register: site gone or moved	7 records
5	lots one lab buyer chose in one round	5 records
156	kinds of data we catalogued	a register
95	catalogued kinds of data a buyer has named	a register
No recovery window stated	Google Workspace: how long a cancelled account's data is kept	1 record
60 days	Jira and Confluence Cloud: how long a cancelled account's data is kept	1 record
180 days at most	Microsoft 365: how long a cancelled account's data is kept	1 record
One year, rolling	Slack, if downgraded to free: how long a cancelled account's data is kept	1 record
300,000	most visited sites the census reads	3 records
4,000	robots.txt files the census reads each morning	3 records
6,094	sites whose robots.txt the census has read in its current pass	3 records
11.4%	of them shut at least one AI crawler out of the whole site	3 records
8.4%	shut out two or more, one of them a training crawler	3 records
7.5%	of sites shut out GPTBot (OpenAI's training crawler)	3 records
6.0%	of sites shut out ClaudeBot (Anthropic's crawler)	3 records
7.2%	of sites shut out CCBot (Common Crawl, the open web archive most models start from)	3 records
5.0%	of sites shut out Google-Extended (Google's switch for training Gemini)	3 records
4.4%	of sites shut out Applebot-Extended (Apple's switch for training its models)	3 records
5.4%	of sites shut out meta-externalagent (Meta's crawler)	3 records
7.0%	of sites shut out Bytespider (ByteDance's crawler)	3 records
3.1%	of sites shut out PerplexityBot (Perplexity's crawler)	3 records

8
What it is
kinds of data holder with their own page
From
a register
18
What it is
business systems with their own page
From
a register
149
What it is
technology companies closing, sold or gone dark
From
313 records
15
What it is
of them in the last 90 days
From
49 records
11
What it is
closures register: insolvency
From
36 records
64
What it is
closures register: closing or closed
From
133 records
69
What it is
closures register: acquired
From
137 records
5
What it is
closures register: site gone or moved
From
7 records
5
What it is
lots one lab buyer chose in one round
From
5 records
156
What it is
kinds of data we catalogued
From
a register
95
What it is
catalogued kinds of data a buyer has named
From
a register
No recovery window stated
What it is
Google Workspace: how long a cancelled account's data is kept
From
1 record
60 days
What it is
Jira and Confluence Cloud: how long a cancelled account's data is kept
From
1 record
180 days at most
What it is
Microsoft 365: how long a cancelled account's data is kept
From
1 record
One year, rolling
What it is
Slack, if downgraded to free: how long a cancelled account's data is kept
From
1 record
300,000
What it is
most visited sites the census reads
From
3 records
4,000
What it is
robots.txt files the census reads each morning
From
3 records
6,094
What it is
sites whose robots.txt the census has read in its current pass
From
3 records
11.4%
What it is
of them shut at least one AI crawler out of the whole site
From
3 records
8.4%
What it is
shut out two or more, one of them a training crawler
From
3 records
7.5%
What it is
of sites shut out GPTBot (OpenAI's training crawler)
From
3 records
6.0%
What it is
of sites shut out ClaudeBot (Anthropic's crawler)
From
3 records
7.2%
What it is
of sites shut out CCBot (Common Crawl, the open web archive most models start from)
From
3 records
5.0%
What it is
of sites shut out Google-Extended (Google's switch for training Gemini)
From
3 records
4.4%
What it is
of sites shut out Applebot-Extended (Apple's switch for training its models)
From
3 records
5.4%
What it is
of sites shut out meta-externalagent (Meta's crawler)
From
3 records
7.0%
What it is
of sites shut out Bytespider (ByteDance's crawler)
From
3 records
3.1%
What it is
of sites shut out PerplexityBot (Perplexity's crawler)
From
3 records

The map of the market shows how figures, records and sources fit together.